Bare-Metal

Selecting and properly configuring the underlying file system is a critical architectural decision when provisioning enterprise PostgreSQL infrastructure on Linux. While the operating system kernel handles process scheduling and virtual memory allocation, the file system determines how transaction logs (WAL) and 8KB data blocks are physically allocated, journaled, and flushed to storage hardware. For years, database administrators have debated the merits of XFS versus ext4 fo

Storage architecture is often the single most decisive factor in determining whether an enterprise PostgreSQL cluster reaches its full throughput potential or suffers from severe I/O bottlenecks. While modern multi-core processors and fast memory subsystems can execute complex queries in microseconds, every committed transaction must ultimately hit physical, non-volatile storage to satisfy PostgreSQL’s Write-Ahead Logging (WAL) durability guarantees. When architecting bare-me

When running PostgreSQL on bare-metal or dedicated virtual machines with high concurrency—hundreds or thousands of active transactions—the default Linux operating system settings become a major performance bottleneck. Default Linux kernel parameters are tuned for general-purpose workloads, balancing power usage, dynamic process execution, and aggressive memory management. Under extreme OLTP load, these defaults trigger latency spikes, transaction stalls, unexpected process sw

Deploying a high-performance database engine on bare-metal or dedicated virtualized hardware requires looking far beyond default operating system configurations. While modern database engines are highly sophisticated, their underlying performance is fundamentally capped by OS kernel settings, storage architectures, file system behaviors, and memory management policies. To achieve low-latency execution and sustain high-concurrency throughput under peak load, database infrastru